Orthobases
Dr. Matthieu R Bloch
Monday, September 20, 2021
Logistics
- Assigments 1&2: solution posted for #1, coming today for #2
- Assignment 3
- Hard deadline on Tuesday September 21, 2021 (exception!)
- This is what matters most Midterm
- Midterm 1
- In-class exam during regular class time - 75 minutes
- Topics: everything up to and including today’s coverage
- Open notes (slides+HW solution + Prof. Romberg’s notes) - no electronics - no textbooks
- Prof. Bloch office hours: Tuesday September 21, 2021 8am on https://bluejeans.com/9058052289
What’s on the agenda for today?
- Last time: More on orthobases
- Orthobases: things work in infinite dimension too
- Examples!
- Monday September 27, 2021: non orthogonal bases
- Reading: Romberg, lecture notes 5 and 6
Orthobases
A collection of vectors in a finite dimensional Hilbert space is an orthobasis if 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
If the last condition is not met, this is just called an orthogonal basis
Orthobases are useful because we can write (what happens in a non-orthonormal basis?)
We would like to extend this idea to infinite dimension and happily write
- We have to be a bit careful
- With a little bit of machinery, this works: separability + completeness
What we know works in infinite dimension
Consider a Hilbert space . The following notions we encountered work without problems:
- Norm induced by inner product
- Cauchy-Schwartz inequality
- Orthogonality + Pythagorean theorem + projection theorem
A collection of vectors in a Hilbert space is orthonormal if
- ;
- .
We do not even require to be countable at this stage.
We are not saying anything about this being a basis
Towards orthobases in infinite dimension
Let and let be a sequence of vectors in that converges to . Then
Let be sequence of orthonormal vectors in . Then for any , .
The following properties of an orthonormal set are equivalent:
- Finite linear combinations of elements in are dense in ;
- If and then ;
- If then converges to (in the norm ) as ;
- If and then .
This does not say anything about the existence of such nice orthornormal set
Separable space
A space is separable if it contains a countable dense subset.
Separability is the key property to deal with sequences instead of collections
Any separable Hilbert space has an orthonormal basis.
Most useful Hilbert spaces are separable! We won’t worry about non-separable Hilbert spaces
Key take away for separable Hilbert spaces
- is perfectly well defined for an orthonormal basis
- Parseval’s identity tell us that .
- It looks like we don’t need to even worry about the nature of and only think about coefficients
Any separable Hilbert space is isomorphic to
Examples
- Piecewise constant approximation
- Sampling


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Orthobases
Dr. Matthieu R Bloch
Monday, September 20, 2021